U.S. Dry Natural Gas Production Growth Levels off Following Decline in Natural Gas Prices

U.S. dry natural gas production has increased since late 2005 due mainly to rapid growth in production from shale gas resources. However, there have been two notable instances (see red ovals in the chart) in the last seven years when natural gas production leveled off during a period of falling spot natural gas prices. The first was during the recent economic recession and the latest began in the fourth quarter of 2011 and continued through the first quarter of 2012.



Weather events (see green ovals) have also affected U.S. natural gas production.
The major events over the past seven years that have caused dry gas output to level off or even decline include:

Hurricanes Katrina and Rita (Sep-Oct 2005) - Disrupted up to 12.2 billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/d) in offshore natural gas production.

Hurricanes Gustav and Ike (Sep 2008) - Disrupted up to 9.5 Bcf/d in offshore natural gas production.

Economic recession and falling prices (Oct 2008- Sep 2009), Reduced industrial and manufacturing activity, and lower electricity use eased demand for natural gas as a feedstock and a power generation fuel. Natural gas prices fell sharply as a result.

Winter well freeze offs (Feb 2011) - Disrupted up to 7.5 Bcf/d in natural gas production from Texas to Arizona, when water froze inside wellheads during extremely cold weather and blocked gas flows.

Supply overhang and falling natural gas prices (Oct 2011-Mar 2012) A warm winter that reduced heating fuel demand and record high gas inventories resulted in a nearly 50% drop in gas prices, causing some energy companies to postpone new drilling and cut back on some existing operations.

Natural gas production was relatively flat between October 2011 and March 2012, when Henry Hub spot gas prices declined from just above $3.50 to around $2.00 per million British thermal units in March. Preliminary EIA data indicate a slight drop in production during March, according to the Natural Gas Monthly report released on May 31.

Of the five large gas producing states tracked monthly by EIA Texas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Wyoming, New Mexico had the highest percentage decline in its March gross natural gas production, down 2.2 percent from the previous month, while Texas had the largest volumetric drop, down 150 million cubic feet per day. States that EIA does not presently track on a monthly basis, such as Pennsylvania, may have seen their gas output increase during March.

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Natural Gas Spot Prices Near 10 Year Lows Amid Warm Weather

 Natural gas prices have continued their downward trend this winter as a result of warmer than normal temperatures, ample natural gas in storage, and growing production. Population weighted heating degree days since November 1, 2011 are down 12% nationally from the 30 year average. Total working natural gas in underground storage in the lower 48 states was 3,098 Bcf for the week ending January 20, 21% above the storage levels from one year ago. Daily dry gas production averaged about 64.2 billion cubic feet per day (Bcfd) in January, up almost 10% from last January.

Click on the tab headers below to see charts highlighting factors affecting natural gas prices.

Spot Prices      Weather       Storage         Production       Weather Outlook        Futures Prices

Average spot natural gas prices for January were $2.68/MMBtu. Spot natural gas prices in January 2012 reached their lowest level in 10 years except for a 4-day period over the Labor Day weekend in 2009.


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EIA: U.S. Refineries and Blenders Produced Record Amounts of Distillate Fuels

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, Weekly Petroleum Status Report.
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U.S. refiners produced historically high volumes of distillate fuels (a category that includes both diesel fuel and heating oil) and motor gasoline in 2011. By fine-tuning their production mix, refineries consistently set record levels of distillate production, most recently topping 5 million barrels per day (bbl/d) for the weeks ending December 2 and December 16, 2011.

In 2011, weekly distillate production was above the five-year historical range 25 times, and ranked second highest an additional 19 times. Finished motor gasoline production was robust over the same period, but was slightly more in line with production volumes at comparable times of year since 2006.

Because of its chemical composition, crude oil run through a refinery typically yields roughly twice as much motor gasoline as distillate fuels. Therefore, regardless of economic or other incentives, refiners cannot completely stop making some finished petroleum products in favor of others. However, by adjusting downstream processes and the types of crude oil used, refineries can optimize production to fine-tune the balance of their finished products output. For much of 2011, refiners saw favorable margins and robust global demand for distillate fuels. In order to benefit from these trends, refineries:

• Increased crude runs to maximize overall output. This explains why both motor gasoline and distillate fuels production levels are high relative to the five-year historical ranges.
• Shifted production mix. This explains why the distillate fuels production levels exceeded historical ranges in more weeks than motor gasoline production did.
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Since early October, the spot price for ultra-low-sulfur distillate fuel oil rose, while the spot price for motor gasoline (as measured by New York RBOB spot prices in the chart below) declined, widening the spread between these two petroleum product prices. On November 14, 2011, the spot price for ultra-low-sulfur distillate was nearly 65 cents per gallon higher than the spot price for RBOB. The spread between these product prices had not been more than 60 cents per gallon since November 2008.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, based on Bloomberg.

Note: Ultra low sulfur distillate spot prices shown as New York ultra low sulfur distillate spot prices; motor gasoline prices reflect New York RBOB spot prices.

Along with high domestic prices, strong international markets for distillate fuel oils have spurred increased production. In the United States, refineries have typically optimized production for finished motor gasoline to meet high U.S. demand. European refineries, on the other hand, tend to produce higher percentages of distillate fuel oils, as diesel is used more broadly there for transportation.

 Due to crude supply disruptions to European refineries for much of this year, the region has imported more finished products. Weekly U.S. gross distillate export estimates (bound primarily for European and South American markets) were at record levels in the fourth quarter of 2011, topping more than 0.9 million bbl/d in October and November, and exceeding 1 million bbl/d in December.

Robust global distillate demand has led to a significant inventory draw, despite heightened U.S. production. From the end of September to the end of December, U.S. distillate inventories fell by more than 13 million barrels.

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EIA: Current Natural Gas Forward Prices Signal Rising....But Still Low Prices in 2012

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, based on Bloomberg.

Note: Forward prices are derived each month (January-December) by adding the locational basis swap to the NYMEX Henry Hub futures price for the given month at each location. The ranges reflect the minimum and maximum monthly price for months in 2012. For example, a January 2012 NYMEX Henry Hub futures contract valued at $3.50/MMBtu and a January 2012 Transco Zone 6-NY basis swap valued at $2.50/MMBtu would yield a $6.00/MMBtu price at Transco Zone-6 NY.

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Natural gas forward market prices (as of December 28, 2011) signal a continuation of low natural gas prices into 2012. Winter 2011-2012 forward prices were recently the lowest in over ten years, and, of the eight trading points identified, only Transco Zone 6-NY (New York City) and PG&E Citygate (Northern California) show 2012 forward monthly price ranges that include prices above $4/MMBtu. Natural gas spot prices remained low throughout 2011 relative to prior years, reaching a two-year low in November. The spot natural gas price at Transco Zone 6 New York, shown in the graph, is above next year's average monthly trading ranges due to recent cold weather-driven demand. Current spot natural gas prices are lower than the 2012 forward contract range at several natural gas trading points identified in the chart.

The natural gas price at the Henry Hub in Louisiana informs much of the rest of the country, with prices largely following price movements at Henry. Similarly, forward prices, except for the Northeast (represented here by the Transco Zone 6-NY trading point), closely mirror 2012 forward prices at the Henry Hub. Northeast gas prices behave differently, with spot and forward prices higher during colder months due to expectations regarding pipeline constraints in transporting natural gas to the Northeast during times of high natural gas demand.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, based on Ventyx's Energy Velocity Suite.

Spot Natural Gas Prices Dipped to Two Year Low in November

Spot natural gas prices at the Henry Hub in Erath, Louisiana fell to $2.83 per million British thermal units for delivery on November 24, 2011, the lowest price since November 17, 2009. Henry Hub is the benchmark location for key natural gas financial instruments on the New York Mercantile Exchange and the IntercontinentalExchange such as futures contracts, swaps, and options.
Key factors affecting natural gas prices include:

• Growing domestic production. U.S. domestic marketed production averaged 65.4 Bcf/d through September, based on EIA data, an increase of about 7% from the same period in 2010, while demand for the corresponding period was up 2% this year.
• High natural gas storage levels. For the week ending November 25, 2011, natural gas storage inventories were 3,851 billion cubic feet (Bcf), down one Bcf from record inventory levels set the prior week but over 7% above the five-year average.
• Seasonal weather. Warmer-than-average weather across most of the United States has delayed the start of winter weather and the corresponding increased natural gas demand for heating. Through November 28, cumulative U.S. population-weighted heating degree-days in the 2011-2012 winter season are 8% below the 30-year average and are down 16% in the natural gas heating-intensive Northeast region.

Spot prices at Henry Hub rose about $0.70 per million British thermal units after the Thanksgiving Holiday weekend due to cooler temperatures and higher demand.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, based on Bloomberg.
Note: Data included through November 30, 2011.

  

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