Annual Energy Outlook 2012.....Three Cases for the Future of World Oil Prices

The Annual Energy Outlook 2012 (AEO2012) presents three alternative paths for world oil prices based on different production and economic assumptions. Among these cases, the real (constant 2010 dollars) oil price in 2035 ranges from $62 per barrel in the Low Oil Price case to $200 per barrel in the High Oil Price case, with the Reference case at $145 per barrel.

The oil price in AEO2012 is defined as the average price of light, low-sulfur crude oil delivered to Cushing, Oklahoma, which is similar to the price for light, sweet crude oil traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange (West Texas Intermediate, or WTI).



Factors considered in AEO2012 that affect supply, demand, and prices for petroleum in the long term are:

* World demand for petroleum and other liquids

* Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) investment and production decisions

* The economics of non OPEC petroleum supply

* The economics of other liquids supply

The Reference case of AEO2012 indicates a short term increase in oil price, returning to price parity with the Brent oil price by 2016, as current constraints on pipeline capacity between Cushing and the Gulf of Mexico are moderated.

The Low Oil Price case results in a projected oil price of $62 per barrel in 2035. The Low Oil Price case assumes that economic growth and demand for petroleum and other liquids in developing economies (which account for nearly all of the projected growth in world oil consumption in the Reference case) is reduced.

Specifically, the annual gross domestic product (GDP) growth for the world, excluding the mature market economies that are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), is assumed to be 1.5 percentage points lower than that of the Reference case in 2035 (only a 3.5% annual increase from 2010 to 2035), which reduces their projected oil consumption in 2035 by 8 million barrels from the Reference case projection.

While non OECD oil consumption is more responsive to lower economic growth than to prices, oil use in the OECD region increases modestly in the Low Oil Price case. In this lower price case, the market power of OPEC producers is weakened, and they lose the ability to control prices and to limit production.

In contrast, the High Oil Price case assumes prices rise to $186 per barrel by 2017 (in 2010 dollars) and then increase to $200 per barrel by 2035. These higher prices result from higher demand for petroleum and other liquid fuels in non OECD regions than projected for the Reference case. In particular, the projected GDP growth rates for China and India are 1.0 percentage point higher in 2012 and 0.3 points higher in 2035 than the rates in the Reference Case.

Overall, in 2035 it is projected that 4 million barrels per day will be produced above the Reference Case level, even though projected oil consumption in the mature, industrialized economies is reduced.

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EIA: Natural Gas and Renewable Shares of Electricity Generation to Grow

Over the next 25 years, natural gas and renewable fuels gain a larger share of the United States generating mix of electricity, according to the Annual Energy Outlook 2012 (AEO2012) early release reference case. Coal remains the dominant source of electricity, but its share drops from 45% in 2010 to 39% in 2035.

These results are from the AEO2012 Reference case, which assumes no changes in current laws and regulations. The full report will include additional cases measuring the impacts of alternative policies and different paths for prices and technologies on the electric power sector.

• Annual generation from natural gas increases by 39% from 2010 to 2035. Eighty-five gigawatts of new gas capacity is added through 2035, as stable capital costs and low fuel prices make it the most attractive source of new capacity.
• Renewable energy generation grows 33% from 2010 to 2035. Non-hydro renewables account for a majority of this growth, with wind, solar, biomass, and geothermal generation all significantly larger at the end of the projection horizon.
• Coal's share of the electricity generation mix drops from 45% to 39% between 2010 and 2035. Thirty-three gigawatts of coal capacity are retired and only 14 gigawatts of new coal capacity already under construction are completed. A few factors disadvantage the relative economics of coal-fired capacity: projected low natural gas prices, the continued rise of new coal-fired plants' construction costs, and concerns over potential greenhouse gas emissions policies.
• Annual generation from nuclear power plants grows by 11% from 2010 to 2035, but its share of the generation mix declines. A total of 10 gigawatts of new nuclear capacity are projected through 2035, as well as an increase of 7 gigawatts achieved from uprates to existing nuclear units. About 6 gigawatts of existing nuclear capacity are retired, primarily in the last few years of the projection.

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EIA: Tight Oil, Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Drive Projected Increases in U.S. Crude Oil Production

 EIA's Annual Energy Outlook 2012 (AEO2012) early release reference case, providing updated projections for energy markets through 2035, projects increased domestic crude oil production driven by development of tight oil resources onshore and deepwater resources in the Gulf of Mexico. Tight oil refers to oil produced from shale, or other very low permeability rocks, with horizontal drilling and multi stage hydraulic fracturing technologies.

EIA projects that U.S. domestic crude oil production will increase from 5.5 million barrels per day in 2010 to 6.7 million barrels per day in 2020. Even with a projected decline after 2020, U.S. crude oil production projections remain above 6 million barrels per day through 2035.




The AEO2012 early Release Reference case projects that onshore tight oil production will increase significantly, reaching 1.3 million barrels per day in 2030 and remaining above 1 million barrels per day for the remainder of the projection. As with shale gas, the application of recent technology advances significantly increases the development of tight oil resources. Projections are made for selected tight oil plays; at this point, not all plays have been, or are being, evaluated for the application of emerging production technology.

The AEO2012 also projects that continued development of deepwater crude oil resources in the Gulf of Mexico will become an increasingly important component of domestic crude production. Drilling in the Gulf of Mexico Outer Continental Shelf has resumed following the lifting of the 2010 moratorium, but on a schedule moderated by a slower permitting process with increased environmental review. Production in the Gulf of Mexico fluctuates as new large development projects are brought on stream.

The AEO2012 Early Release Reference case assumes that lease options in the Pacific and Atlantic will eventually be opened, but significant production from those lease sales is projected to occur after 2035. Most of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico Planning Area remains under a Congressional drilling moratorium (the Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act of 2006) until 2022.