Crude Oils Have Different Quality Characteristics

Many types of crude oil are produced around the world. The market value of an individual crude stream reflects its quality characteristics. Two of the most important quality characteristics are density and sulfur content. Density ranges from light to heavy, while sulfur content is characterized as sweet or sour. The crude oils represented in the chart are a selection of some of the crude oils marketed in various parts of the world. There are some crude oils both below and above the API gravity range shown in the chart.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, based on Energy Intelligence Group—International Crude Oil Market Han

Crude oils that are light (higher degrees of API gravity, or lower density) and sweet (low sulfur content) are usually priced higher than heavy, sour crude oils. This is partly because gasoline and diesel fuel, which typically sell at a significant premium to residual fuel oil and other "bottom of the barrel" products, can usually be more easily and cheaply produced using light, sweet crude oil.

The light sweet grades are desirable because they can be processed with far less sophisticated and energy intensive processes/refineries. The figure shows select crude types from around the world with their corresponding sulfur content and density characteristics.

The selected crude oils in the figure are not intended to be comprehensive of global crude production. Rather, they were grades selected for the recurrent and recently updated EIA report, "The Availability and Price of Petroleum and Petroleum Products Produced in Countries Other Than Iran."

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration. 

Notes: Locations on the map are based on the pricing point, not necessarily the area of production. Locations are approximate. Points on the map are labeled by country and benchmark name. United States-Mars is an offshore drilling site in the Gulf of Mexico. WTI = West Texas Intermediate; LLS = Louisiana Light Sweet; FSU = Former Soviet Union; UAE = United Arab Emirates

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McMoran Exploration MMR Spikes on 2nd Quarter Earnings

McMoran Exploration, ticker MMR, spiked 12.4% today on the release of their second quarter earnings.

Here is just some of the highlights from the earnings......

* Ultra Deep Development Activities. In June 2012, successfully perforated 165 feet of Wilcox sands in the Davy Jones No.1 well with electric wireline casing guns. Commenced operations on July 13 to run production tubing and expect to conduct measurable flow test during the week of July 30.

* Completion and testing of Davy Jones No. 2 expected to commence following review of results from Davy Jones No. 1. As previously reported, Davy Jones No. 2 confirmed 120 net feet of pay in multiple Wilcox sands and also encountered 192 net feet of potential hydrocarbons in the Tuscaloosa and Lower Cretaceous carbonate sections. Davy Jones is located on a 20,000 acre structure that has multiple follow on drilling opportunities.

* Expect to submit development plans for Blackbeard East and Lafitte with Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) in the third quarter of 2012. Positive drilling results on these structures have identified formations in the Miocene, Oligocene and Eocene.

* Ultra-Deep Exploration Activities, Blackbeard West No. 2, Drilling below 21,100 feet with a proposed total depth of 24,500 feet.

* Set liner after well encountered a high pressure gas flow immediately below the salt weld in May 2012.

* Targeting Miocene aged sands seen below the salt weld at Blackbeard East.

* If successful, completion could utilize conventional equipment and technologies.

* Lineham Creek onshore prospect, Drilling below 19,000 feet with a proposed total depth of 29,000 feet. Targeting Eocene/Paleocene objectives below the salt weld.

* Highlander onshore prospect, Acquired exploratory rights to 68,000 gross acre area located in Iberia, St. Martin, Assumption and Iberville Parishes, Louisiana.

* Expect to commence drilling exploratory well in the second half of 2012.

* Well has a proposed total depth of 30,000 feet and will target Eocene, Paleocene and Cretaceous objectives seen below the salt weld in the Davy Jones wells.

* Central Gulf of Mexico Lease Sale 216/222 Results, Apparent high bidder on 14 leases, of which six were sole bids and the remaining eight were made jointly with Chevron U.S.A. Inc.

* This new acreage would enhance McMoRan's industry leading Shelf sub-salt prospect inventory.

* Second quarter 2012 production averaged 140 MMcfe/d net to McMoRan, compared with 197 MMcfe/d in the second quarter of 2011.

* Average daily production for 2012 is expected to approximate 137 MMcfe/d net to McMoRan, including 135 MMcfe/d in third quarter 2012.

* Operating cash flows totaled $11.7 million for the second quarter of 2012, net of $9.1 million in working capital uses and $16.0 million in abandonment expenditures.

* Capital expenditures totaled $147.2 million in the second quarter of 2012.

* Cash at June 30, 2012 totaled $287.1 million.

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Is Natural Gas Ready To Rally?

By: Chris Vermeulen at The Gold & Oil Guy.com

Natural gas (UNG) has recently caught my attention. While it was in a significant downtrend for the better part of a year it has recently been consolidating right under the $20 level. A look at the daily chart shows a long move down and then recently a sideways consolidation pattern. While this is typically a continuation pattern I am beginning to believe think that the next move may be up rather than an extension of the previous down trend.

* Over the last two weeks there been significant support above $18 and significant volume.

* The $20/$20.50 level has been tested multiple times and the more tests it undertakes the more likely it is to break.

* Both the 20 day and 50 day moving averages have turned upwards and UNG is trading above both.

If we zoom in a bit and take a look at the hourly chart we are presented with two scenarios

1. The rising wedge holds and UNG breaks through the $20 – $20.50 resistance level on high volume and a new long term up trend is produced

2. The head and shoulders pattern within the wedge breaks downwards and the downtrend resumes

I’m leaning towards option one but will be waiting for a breakout confirmed with volume in either case.

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The Mid Continent Sweet Spot for Oil and Refining

Wells Fargo Securities Senior analyst Roger Read explains why Tesoro and Western Refining are able to take advantage of the middle of the US for refining.



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Crude Oil, Natural Gas and Gold Market Recap from the CME Group for Monday July 16th

The Next Major Move in Precious Metals Is Close

September crude oil showed positive reversal action on the session, mounting a come back from early morning lows to register its highest close since May 29th. While a weaker than expected report on US retail sales pressured risk appetites, the crude and product markets were able to stabilize and turn higher. A turn lower in the US dollar and reports of a US Navy ship opening fire on a boat in the UAE supported the turn higher in crude oil prices. Chatter that Chinese officials could be closer to extending another round of monetary stimulus provided an added jolt to the crude oil market throughout the session. Gains in the expiring August Brent crude oil contract also offered the WTI market a modest lift.

Natural gas prices are giving back a portion of the post inventory report gains from last week. As I have been discussing at length in this newsletter the price of Nat Gas futures is not in sync with what the current fundamentals will support. The weather is moving toward another round of very hot weather over major portions of the US but the new round of very high temperatures will not last as long as the last bout of hot weather nor will the extreme heat cover as much of the US as the last round. There will be a call on Nat Gas for cooling demand over the next several weeks but based on the latest NOAA forecast the demand pull for Nat Gas may not be as strong as it was back in June.

The gold market swung around on both sides of unchanged today and after the weak morning action that might be considered a psychological victory for the bull camp. In addition to a reversal in the dollar, gold was also benefited at times by renewed US easing talk in the wake of a much softer than expected US retail sales report. As opposed to last week, when silver periodically outperformed the gold market, gold generally outperformed the silver market today. Apparently the rest of the metals complex was undermined by residual slowing fears, while gold was able to break away from the pack and avail itself of some speculative interest ahead of this week's Fed testimony.

Posted courtesy of The CME Group

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The Next Major Move in Precious Metals Is Close

What the GLD ETF Chart tells us about GOLD

After making new highs about a year ago we have seen Silver and Gold consolidate for roughly the last twelve months. Technically, it would typically be a bullish scenario with gold from the stand point that the last 12 months’ price action was a sideways consolidation in a bullish pennant formation. However over the last year we have witnessed a series of lower highs and increasingly tested supports levels around $150 on GLD which raises caution.

With the fed pulling any extensions on further quantitative easing in the form of QE3 or other programs, the bullish case has lately been criticised. However I am still a firm believer that gold in most respects is a currency, and the only one that can maintain its value. There are very serious issues looming in Europe and across the world that are far from resolution. With few tools left in the toolbox to stimulate world economies, further easing can never be ruled out.

Silver, after breaking through strong resistance around $19- $20 in September 2011 went almost parabolic in spring 2011 prior to giving up most of its gains in the last year. There seems to be significant support around $26 on SLV, however this level has been tested quite frequently over recent months and this again raises caution. While silver owes some of its moves to its industrial application, the high correlation between the two metals is not to be ignored.

I think the long term trade will be long in both metals, but I’m waiting to see a significant breakout out of these consolidations on heavy volume to confirm a direction. I would like to see both precious metals break out of their respective consolidations and ultimately have further confirmation in the USD. Any major headlines over the next couple months involving Europe or quantitative easing may provide us with the trigger for the next big move.

Get My FREE gold cycles and trading analysis here at  The Gold & Oil Guy.com

Chris Vermeulen

Make sure to also read "Gold Cycles Will Soon Forecast Where Prices Are Headed"

What the GLD ETF Chart tells us about GOLD

Gold had remained in a rough 1550-1640 range for several weeks now. Tonight, we look at the GLD ETF, which represents the Gold spot price movements.  Over the past 5 months we can see in the chart below  the clear downtrend lines.

Recently, in the past 6 weeks we have seen a series of 3 higher lows including today where a lower gap filled in and then Gold reversed upwards.

What Gold needs to do, in terms of this GLD ETF is clear the 158 hurdle on a closing basis to set up a stage for a new advance. I would expect in the intervening months to October for Gold to continuing meandering and correcting to as low as 1445-1455, my longstanding Gold worst case low targets I’ve had since last September.

Near term key levels are 150 on the downside and 158 on the upside. If we close below 150 on GLD ETF then we should be looking for my 1445-1455 areas to be hit this summer before a low. If we clear 158 on the GLD ETF, then the triple bottom at 1520 is likely confirmed and we can start tracking some upside for Gold.

David A. Banister is Chief Strategist at Market Trends Forecast.com

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Using ETF's to Invest in MLP's

If you have been thinking about taking advantage of the dividends associated with MLP's but can't decide on a ticker, maybe an ETF is the way to go. In todays video Dean Zayed, CEO of Brookstone Capital, tells us how to play this using ticker AMJ as well as a couple of others.

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CME Crude Oil, Natural Gas and Gold Report for Friday July 13th

August crude oil prices established a higher high during the initial morning hours, helped by a rebound in risk taking sentiment in the wake of an as expected Chinese GDP report. While China's second quarter growth slowed to a pace not seen in three years, the reading appeared to inspire greater speculation for more economic stimulus. That is seen as a force bolstering the demand prospects for crude oil. The market also appears to be supported by reports of tighter North Sea supplies and greater US sanctions against Iran.

August natural gas prices traded in a tight overnight range as they consolidated yesterday's upside reversal action. This came after the market soldoff in reaction to yesterdays EIA storage data that showed a slightly larger than expected injection of 33 bcf. Total storage stands at 3,135 bcf or 19.7% above the 5 year average. Over the last four weeks natural gas storage has increased 191 bcf. Some traders viewed the EIA storage data as a positive because the weekly injection was about one third of the longer term average injection for this week of the year.

Gold traded nearly flat, but remained on course for a second consecutive week of losses as worries about the euro zone debt crisis and the absence of stimulus measures in the United States buoyed the dollar and its safe haven appeal. Spot gold was little changed at $1,570.14 an ounce, heading for a weekly decline of 0.8 percent.

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Gold Cycles Will Soon Forecast Where Prices Are Headed

Gold and stock market forecaster have been using cycles in price that repeat every certain amount of trading days to help them spot key reversal areas in the financial market. Almost everything in life seems to go in cycles and commodity prices and the stock market are no different.

As we all know the market is very difficult to forecast when using only one set of analysis like cycles. Analyzing price action, volume, market sentiment, market breadth, trends and inter-market analysis are the other key areas which one must understand before they can be in the zone (ZEN) with the financial market and properly forecast future prices.

This report will show you just how well cycles work if applied and traded properly.

How to Buy Dips and Sell Rips in Gold Using Cycle Analysis

The chart below is of gold and shows its short term trading cycles. I will admit this chart is hard on the eyes and as ugly as they get to bear with me.

Three different cycles have been applied to the chart using a short, intermediate and long term cycle wave length. The general idea here is that you want to trade with the underlying trend, then use these short term cycles to profit from weekly price swings.

Gold has been in a down trend for a year so the focus should be on shorting the bounces. Focusing on selling short gold during a time with 2 or more cycles are topping as you stand a great chance of the price moving in your favor within 1-3 days.

Once the price starts to move in your favor you want to scalp to profits once the short term (green) cycle drops near a reversal level. Once this takes place I always tighten my stops to breakeven, lock in some profits and continue to wait for another cycle to reach the bottom at which point I take more profit off the table and tighten my protective stop once again.

As you can see this is not the perfect system but it makes money, and if you apply more analysis to the market you can lock in more of these moves using intraday charts, volume, and sentiment levels.

How to Find Market Cycles

You must have an analysis tool that can read the market and find cycles within it. Once you know how many days the most frequent cycles are occurring you can then use a custom cycle indicator to overlay them on the charts as seen in the gold chart above. The visual overlay is the key to spotting market reversals and areas to add to a position or trim profits. Look at the chart below for a visual of how I find my cycles.

Gold Cycle Forecast Conclusion:

In short, gold overall remains in a down trend. But from looking at the gold chart and its short term cycles I have a feeling we will be seeing price trade sideways this week and a bounce next week.

The next week will be very interesting as these cycles will actually give us an early warning if the overall gold market is about to bounce or sell off. The question is what the cycles do in the next few days while gold flirts with support…

It does take some time/experience to read the cycles and get a feel for how they move so don’t worry about it if you don’t fully grasp the idea from this short article. 

Find out more on cycles and trading at The Gold & Oil Guy.com

Chris Vermeulen

Rising Production in the Permian Basin

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The Permian Basin, a long time oil and natural gas producing region in west Texas and eastern New Mexico, is showing signs of new life. The active rig count has grown from 100 rigs in mid 2009 to over 500 rigs in May 2012. According to data from the Texas Railroad Commission and the New Mexico Energy, Minerals and Natural Resources Department, oil production from the Permian has increased fairly steadily over the past few years, reaching the 1 million barrels per day (bbl/d) threshold in late 2011, the first time since 1998.

Sources: U.S Energy Information Administration, based on Baker Hughes, Railroad Commission of Texas, and New Mexic

Growing oil production in the Permian Basin and other Texas plays, most notably the Eagle Ford shale, may be starting to strain existing takeaway capacity and is creating a need for Texas oil to serve more distant refineries. While new pipeline projects are scheduled to come online, current transportation constraints have caused Permian crude oil, which is priced in Midland, Texas, to sell at a significant discount to WTI beginning in January 2012.

CME Group Crude Oil, Natural Gas and Gold Market Recap for Tuesday July 10th

August crude oil prices trended lower throughout the session marking the lows of the day into the pit close. Early pressure in the crude oil market came from a resolution to the oil workers' strike in Norway and from weaker than expected Chinese oil import data for the month of June. The global oil demand story came under greater scrutiny following the EIA's monthly report that showed another downward revision in 2012 global oil demand. The agency sited lower economic growth forecasts. Another source of weakness in the crude oil market came from an afternoon sell off in US equity markets and gains in the US dollar. Expectations for this week's EIA crude oil stocks report are for a draw in the range of 1.25 to 1.50 million barrels.

Natural gas remains on a bit of a roller coaster ride... big decline on Friday, strong recovery on Monday and yet another sell off today. This type of trading action is very indicative of a market forming a top as well as a market that is laden with uncertainty. The main uncertainty that continues to hover over this market is will the rest of the summer weather result in enough cooling related demand to prevent the industry from hitting storage capacity limitations prematurely.

The EIA in the latest forecast (see below for the main highlights) is projecting inventory at the end of October to hit a record high of 4 TCF. With maximum storage capacity of just 4.1 TCF (EIA numbers) that leaves just 100 BCF storage space available for injections during the month of November... which are common...especially if winter type weather gets a late start. This also assumes that storage capacity is equally distributed in all three regions...which it is not. We could hit capacity limitation in the Producing region well before other regions.

The other issue overhanging this market is what will be the strategy of the utility sector in how much coal versus Nat Gas they consume for power generation. At current prices the economics are favorable to coal and I would expect utilities to burn more coal in lieu of Nat Gas and unless the Nat Gas price falls back to below the $2.70 to $2.75 level this move back to coal will continue. If so hitting record high inventory levels could then occur earlier than the EIA projection of the end of October.

After an early attempt to rally gold prices fell back and in the process the August gold fell back to this week's lows. Adverse currency market action, a noted reversal in equities and selling in a number of physical commodity markets seemed to leave gold in a patently bearish posture. Surprisingly gold was initially lifted on hopes for favorable progression in the Euro zone debt crisis but that story line ultimately seemed to be responsible for the washout in gold prices. In retrospect, seeing evidence of added weakness in the Chinese economy, in the wake of the Chinese trade deficit released seemed to spark fears that more serious slowing was in the offing before the Chinese begin to pull out the really aggressive stimulus guns.


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The Slide in Metals, Corn & Crude Oil

CNBC's Sharon Epperson discusses the day's activity in the commodities markets and looks at where oil and precious metals are likely headed tomorrow.

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Crude Oil Declines as Norway Orders End to Strike

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Crude oil dropped from the highest close in two days after Norway ended a strike by energy workers that had threatened to halt production by western Europe’s largest crude exporter.

Futures slipped as much as 1.1 percent in New York after the Norwegian government ordered compulsory arbitration in the dispute, preventing a lockout of platform workers that was scheduled to start at midnight yesterday. Norway pumped 1.63 million barrels of oil a day in May, or about 1.8 percent of global consumption, data from the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate show.

“Traders are probably taking the premium out of oil now that they think the strike will be settled,” said David Lennox, an analyst at Fat Prophets in Sydney. “It was looking like the strike was going to deteriorate further. That risk premium is certainly coming out of crude.”

Oil for August delivery fell as much as 98 cents to $85.01 a barrel in electronic trading on the New York Mercantile Exchange and was at $85.15 at 11:05 a.m. Sydney time. The contract climbed 1.8 percent yesterday to $85.99, the highest close since July 5. Prices are 14 percent lower this year.

Read the entire Bloomberg article

CME Crude Oil, Natural Gas and Gold Market Recap

August crude oil prices trended higher throughout the US trading session, supported by the lack of progress in resolving an oil workers strike in Norway. Another source of support for the crude oil market came from weakness in the US dollar and ideas that weaker than expected global economic data could prompt central bankers to pursue more monetary stimulus. The product markets were also higher, supported by gains in crude oil and prospect that leaders in China could move to lower domestic gasoline and diesel prices in a maneuver to stoke economic growth.

So far the natural gas futures market has recovered about 2/3 of the loss from Friday's session as the market rethinks the impact on demand from the hot weather in the US even as the economics of coal to gas switching are still biased to the coal side. At the moment the macroeconomics comparing the spot Nymex Appalachian coal price to the spot Nymex Nat Gas price is favorable to the coal side. This coupled with the robust level of coal inventories at many utility sites should result in the utility sector starting to switch back to coal at the expense of Nat Gas for power generation. This is certain to have an impact on demand and will eventually have a negative impact on the underperformance of injections that has been experienced throughout the injection season so far.

On the other hand the massive heat wave that has engulfed a major portion of the US for the last several weeks is cooling down in the south for the next 6 to 10 days. However, the above normal temperatures are projected to return during the 8 to 14 day forecast period. As such Nat Gas cooling demand will likely be above normal for most of the month of July and possibly beyond that. However, the big question is ...will the above normal level of cooling related Nat Gas demand be enough to compensate for the loss of demand from switching back to coal for power generation. I do not think it will be enough and as such I still view the current level of Nat Gas futures prices to be overvalued or better said ahead of the price level that the current fundamentals would support.

Perhaps the gold market was lifted by soaring grain prices or perhaps the gold trade was simply inspired by a revival of easing prospects from the Chinese. It is also possible that gold and other physical commodity markets were lifted as a result of calls to extend the Bush tax cuts for lower incomes. It is also possible that gold saw its fortunes boosted by a bounce in the Euro, which at times was hopeful of some fresh maneuvering from EU officials.

Here's Our "Accurate" Stock Market Predictions on the Next Major Move

The term Stock market predictions is a very controversial topic and does seem to give off a negative/non-credible overtone to most traders, investors and the general public. We all know you cannot predict the market with 100% certainty, but knowing that you can still predict the market more times than not if done correctly. Keep in mind that the term “market prediction” is also known as a market forecast or technical analysis outlook and is nothing more than a estimated guess of where the price for a specific investment is likely to move in the coming minutes, hours, days, weeks and even months.

Getting back on topic, this report clearly shows how the US dollar plays a dominant role in the price of other investments. Understanding how to read the Dollar Index will make you a better trader all around when trading stocks, ETF’s, options or futures.

SP500 Stock Market predictions – 10 Minute Chart:

These charts clearly show the inverse relationship between the stock market and the dollar index. Knowing how to read charts (candle sticks, chart patterns, volume etc…) is not enough to give you a winning edge. You must also understand inter-market analysis as all markets are linked together in some way and the dollar plays a major role in where stock prices will move next. Review the charts and comments below on how I came up with my stock market prediction and trade idea.

Gold Market Prediction – 10 Minute Charts

Gold is another investment which is directly affected by the price of the dollar. Review charts for more details.

Long Term Stock Market Forecast:

The weekly dollar chart is VERY IMPORTANT to watch as a short term trader and long term investor because trend changes in the dollar means you open positions will also likely change direction.

So, if we apply technical analysis to the dollar chart as seen below. You will notice we are able to create a market forecast and predict roughly where price is likely to move and how long it should take to get there. If the dollar can break above the red resistance level then we can expect a rally for 4 – 8 weeks and a price target around the 87-88 level.

If this is the case then stocks and commodities would likely do the inverse price action and move lower, sharply lower…

Stock Market Predictions & Gold Market Forecast Conclusion:

In short, the next weekly candle stick on the dollar chart could be a game changer for those who are long the overall stock market.

I will admit that the current market conditions are not easy to trade because of all the headline news rolling out of Europe each week along with economic data. And I feel as though we have been tip toeing through a mine field for the past 12+ months waiting for extremely negative news are extremely positive news to trigging a wave of buying or selling that will make our jaw drop, but it has yet to happen. Remember always use stops and don’t get over committed in a headline driven market.

If you would like to receive my free weekly analysis like this, be sure to opt-in to my list. 

Just click here to visit at The Gold and Oil Guy and sign up.

Chris Vermeulen

No End in Sight For Norways Oil Workers Strike

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Norway's oil strike looks no closer to ending, with a government mediator saying workers and employers are still "far apart" in a dispute over pay and pensions. The industry association, which includes Exxon Mobil (XOM) and BP (BP), has threatened to halt all output from Tuesday. The tactic is probably designed to force the government to halt the strike, as it has done in the past.

Negotiations failed for a third time today.

From Bloomberg News.....

Norway’s oil strike continued for a 15th day after talks supervised by a state mediator failed to reach a compromise that would prevent the dispute from escalating to include all of the country’s offshore oil and gas production.

“There are no new talks planned and we don’t know where we will go from here,” Kristin Bremer Nebben, a spokeswoman for the Norwegian Oil Industry Association, which represents employers including Statoil ASA (STL), BP Plc (BP/) and Exxon Mobil Corp. (XOM), said in a phone interview today.

6 Things Successful Traders Have in Common

Private Empire - Exxon Mobil And American Power

If you were expecting "Private Empire", the latest book by two time Pulitzer Prize winning author Steve Coll, to serve as a hit piece on Exxon Mobil (XOM) (and "big oil" in general) you'll be somewhat disappointed.

For anyone unfamiliar with his previous work, Steve Coll's earlier books include the highly recommended "Ghost Wars", arguably the definitive geopolitical account of the activities of the CIA and other national intelligence agencies in Afghanistan and Pakistan from the time of the Soviet invasion up to the eve of the 9-11. Ghost Wars won the Pulitzer Prize in 2004 for general non-fiction and was one of the books a newly elected President Barrack Obama was reported to be reading upon entering office.

Steve Coll describes in an interview with Charlie Rose what lead him to want to write Private Empire and how his original idea for the book was to tell a broader story about the oil industry in the style of Daniel Yergin's "The Prize". He soon realized, however, that he needed a central character and Exxon was for him the only logical choice.

Coll's portrait of Exxon begins in March 1989 with the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska, an event which made the company the most reviled in the United Sates. The book's timeline spans the subsequent transformation of the company, which was led by CEO Lee "Iron Ass" Raymond, up through its present day stewardship by current CEO Rex Tillerson.

Along the way we learn a great deal about Exxon, including its somewhat peculiar cult like corporate culture, its blockbuster merger with Mobil, its controversial stance and efforts on global warning, the access it enjoyed to political leaders such as Vice President Dick Cheney, its somewhat misleading approach to reporting oil reserves, and the company's record setting financial success. The book in fact makes for a compelling business case study and students of business history, strategy and management will find much of interest.

Read The Polycapitalist entire review



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Crude Oil Distillation and the Definition of Refinery Capacity

A crude oil refinery is a group of industrial facilities that turns crude oil and other inputs into finished petroleum products. A refinery's capacity refers to the maximum amount of crude oil designed to flow into the distillation unit of a refinery, also known as the crude unit.

The diagram below presents a stylized version of the distillation process. Crude oil is made up of a mixture of hydrocarbons, and the distillation process aims to separate this crude oil into broad categories of its component hydrocarbons, or "fractions." Crude oil is first heated and then put into a distillation column, also known as a still, where different products boil off and are recovered at different temperatures.

Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration.  

Lighter products, such as butane and other liquid petroleum gases (LPG), gasoline blending components, and naphtha, are recovered at the lowest temperatures. Mid-range products include jet fuel, kerosene, and distillates (such as home heating oil and diesel fuel). The heaviest products such as residual fuel oil are recovered at temperatures sometimes over 1,000 degrees Fahrenheit.

The simplest refineries stop at this point. Although not shown in the simplified diagram above, most refineries in the United States reprocess the heavier fractions into lighter products to maximize the output of the most desirable products using more sophisticated refining equipment such as catalytic crackers, reformers, and cokers.

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CME Recap Energy Market Report For Friday July 6th

August crude oil prices trended lower throughout the session, weighed down by rising Spanish borrowing costs and a weaker than expected read on June US Non Farm Payrolls. Added downside pressure in the crude oil market came on talk that the oil workers strike in Norway could be nearing a resolution. A rally in the US dollar and weakness in global equity markets put added pressure on the global oil demand backdrop.

This morning's EIA natural gas storage report showed a smaller than expected weekly injection of 39 bcf. August natural gas garnered modest support in the moments following the report, but concerns that prices near the $3.00 level could reduce demand, relative to coal, pressured prices back below $2.80.

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